This paper focuses on discussing, the transmission networks need to be browbeaten ever more completely. The transfer capacity of an existing transmission network needs to be increased without main reserves but also without compromising the security of power scheme. The more efficient use of transmission network has already led to a situation in which many power systems are operated more often and longer close to voltage stability limits. A power system stressed. Methodology: This search was carried on all articles, such as books and some Journals which help me for discussing the voltage stability. Read through the JSTOR website, IEEE have been used to get into this paper. Findings: Model originally refers to the disturbance of developing an amount archetype that precisely explain the lot of important characteristics and behavior (steady-state or dynamic) to be advised in the ability arrangement abstraction of interest. It as well includes anticipation the lot of acceptable ways to cover the load. Research Limitations/Implications: The limitation limited and the statistic are that is not easy to get the specific result of these factors. Moreover, the effected crossing the Voltage Stability has been as limited and how the activity could be affected. For instance, the results of the case analysis will then be analyzed in the proceeding chapter. As a case study, the chapter will look at voltage stability that exists in distribution systems. This is in the presence of a distributed generation. Finally, it is clear that the problem with voltage stability is usually concerned with the entirety of power systems but in essence, it is just one critical area where the problem is involved. Practical Implications: In this section the implication of In order to investigate the stability of transient voltage, a bolted three phased fault is applied. The clearing time for the fault is set differently for different distributed generation. The term voltage stability is used in power systems to refer to the ability of a system to maintain voltage under acceptable profiles when subjected to different load changes and system topologies. A system can be unstable because of the transportation of reactive power over long distances. Originality/value: This value for voltage stability can cause a system to collapse. At any point in time, the condition that operates a power system should be stable. There are various operational criteria that the system has to meet in order to function as required. Environmental and economic constraints make it possible to for power systems to operate nearer to their stability limits. It is therefore both important and challenging to maintain a system that is secure and stable. In recent years, planners and researchers of power system have concentrated much of their attention on voltage stability of systems.

The business mission is the most visible, and accessible, part of an entire business strategy. This answers what the company does and where it wants to go in the short term. It is the point of destination to which all the components that participate within a company are oriented. It is usually represented as a readable text; however, it needs to be translated to establish the business strategy. This translation is based on the strategic maps and this in turn with the use of indicators to measure globally the fulfillment of the mission. This opens up the possibility of having incorrect associations between the indicators applied to perform the measurements since it is assumed that the mission is validated and clearly measurable. This article makes a literature review to analyze the ways to validate a mission, how it relates to strategic maps and measurement and control tools, and, mainly, how technology can support this need for automatic translation of a mission into indicators through the application of Big Data, specifically the phase corresponding to the descriptive analysis.

Entrobiasis is a nematode infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis, there have been no reports on the infection rates of enterobiasis in Sidi-Bel-Abbes city. A cross-sectional study among schools in 10 districts was conducted in order to estimate the prevalence of this infection among preschool and school children less than 8 years of age, between April and June 2017. A total of 300 samples were examined microscopically for the presence of worm eggs collected by touching transparent tape to anal area. The overall prevalence of enterobiasis was 17,67%, and girls (26,5%) showed more infection rate compared to boys (16,92%), the prevalence of infection with age of 5 and 6 years old (23,4% and 25% respectively) was more than 7 years old children (13,43 %), prevalence of sucking thumb or fingers was 41,51%. Prevalence of enterobiasis has decreased by increasing the daily hand-washing frequency, cleaning hands one time (36,84%), two times (23,96%), three times (17,07%). When analyzing the association between the presence of enterobiasis and each variable separately, the only one showing statistically significant association was sucking thumb (p=0,019) and the symptoms of pruritus ani, abdominal pain, enuresis and insomnia (p=0,0001 respectively). Prevalence of E.vermicularis is relatively high and should not be underestimated.

Transient osteoporosis of pregnancy (TOP) is a rare and often misdiagnosed disease during pregnancy. The postpartum fatigue or stress fracture is a recognized cause of pain, the diagnosis of postpartum osteoporosis (PPO) should be considered in the differential diagnosis of disabling lumbalgia occurring either during pregnancy (especially in the third trimester) or immediately after delivery. We report here the case of a 31-year-old patient, primiparous with no particular history, who presented disabling radiating pubic pain on the fourth day of postpartum after her caesarean section, that pelvic MRI had shown a fracture of the left sacral fin, associated with osteopenia of the hip. Her phosphocalcic assessment had objectified a vitamin D deficiency.

Thrombocytopenia occurs in about 10% of pregnant women. This could be due to a normal variant of pregnancy (gestational thrombocytopenia), a pregnancy-specific condition (preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome) or a condition exacerbated by pregnancy (ITP, vasculitis, PTT). The prognosis and treatment vary enormously, based on the underlying cause. Gestational thrombocytopenia (accidental thrombocytopenia of pregnancy) is a mild, asymptomatic thrombocytopenia that usually occurs late in pregnancy. There is no association with fetal thrombocytopenia, and maternal thrombocytopenia disappears spontaneously after delivery.

The concept of civil society does not have an official definition. It is a fuzzy and controversial concept which, like that of an NGO to which it is often associated, has nevertheless succeeded in becoming generalized, this forming an integral part of the vocabulary of politicians and social actors both in the North and South. is not new nor its meaning has undergone some evolution over time, recently the concept taken on a new dimension with what is commonly called "the emergence of global civil society" as well nowadays when we talk about society civil society refers mainly to NGO and formal or informal popular movements that act as counter-powers to the government. We often speak (civil society organizations) showing the heterogeneity that characterizes it, the evolution of this concept shows the rise of the role of civil society as an actor of international governance.

Les problèmes urbains sont une excellente porte d’accès aux problèmes sociaux. Toute action sur la ville est aussi, inévitablement une action sur le social, sur le politique et sur l’économique, du fait qu’elle nécessite la mobilisation de tous ces secteurs et qu’elle modifie la situation existante. Au fil des années, diverses idéologies se sont greffées sur la question urbaine pour expliquer les causes des dysfonctionnements sociaux, politiques et économiques. Il faut se souvenir que la « recette » conseillé dans les années 60 aux pays du Sud pour sortir de la crise politique était « croissance d’abord, démocratie après », tandis qu’actuellement on parle de « démocratie d’abord, croissance après », cela correspond, en fait très exactement aux objectifs des grandes puissances occidentales. Cette politique est présentée de façon abusive comme la « one best way » et comme la condition incontournable de la démocratie. La situation urbaine actuelle nous permet de constater ses limites, mais, la construction d’une alternative économiquement crédible et socialement responsable se heurte à des difficultés idéologiques importantes et, reste, souvent prisonnière des vieilles recettes imposées.

Despite the proliferation of work on value creation in business relationships, many issues are still little addressed. Our article proposes to study jointly the influence of relational quality and power bases on the creation-appropriation of value in the customer-supplier relationship. An exploratory qualitative study of sixteen companies (ten suppliers and six customers) found that the quality of the relationship promotes greater value creation and appropriation in ongoing business relationships. As for power, its influence differs depending on how it is exercised within the relationship. Moreover, the appropriation of value remains the main driver of partner satisfaction, a sine qua non condition for the continuity of the relationship.

Conjoined twins (JC) represent a malformative abnormality that concerns monozygotic twin pregnancies, it is a rare entity that poses a real diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We report a case of Conjoined twins through which we will expose the various difficulties encountered during the management of this type of anomalies.

Ovarian pregnancy (GO) is rare. Unlike other types of GEU, GO remains an isolated and exceptional phenomenon in a woman's life, independent of the usual risk factors and the exact mechanism leading to a GO remains poorly understood. The anatomopathological study authenticates the diagnosis, sometimes referred to intraoperatively. . We report the case of ovarian pregnancy met at the Souissi maternity hospital in Rabat and the different stages of care.

The central Jebilets located to the south west of the Moroccan meseta represent a metalliferous province containing numerous deposits and massive sulphide index, of which the Koudiat Aïcha deposit is one of them. This last enclosed in the series of Saghlef attributed to the upper visean. It is predominantly pyrrhotite, contains minerals of the base metals such as sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and some traces of stannite. The orebody is enclosed in argillites interspersed with gabbroic magmatic sills at the footwall and hanging wall of the mineralization. It is materialized on the surface by the development of a gossan with iron oxides and hydroxides (hematite, magnetite, goethite, limonite, malachite ...), and shows an NS orientation according to the direction of the orebody. This study intersted with the search for distinctive criteria between gossan assigned to mineralization of economic interest in relation to massive sulphide and those developed on iron deposits or other non-economic iron indices near the sector of Koudiat Aïcha. This approach has made it possible to identify criteria that make it possible to distinguish the gossan of products directly from polymetallic base metal mineralization. The elements analyzed, such as Ag, As, Bi and Sn, in addition to the elements searched, made it possible to identify the gossan directly assigned to the Koudiat Aïcha deposit and to pinpoint its location. The results obtained are in good agreement with the data of the magnetic and gravimetric studies realized in carried out around the area of Koudiat Aïcha deposit. These results can be applied to all the ferruginous indices near the sector of Koudiat Aïcha in the Central Jebilet, see its extrapolation towards all the Hercynian lands.

In Burkina Faso, Water resources are threatened today by pollution from domestic waste, industrial and agricultural discharges without adequate treatment. This pollution is the main cause of degradation of water quality. The objective of this study is to evaluate the physicochemical quality of the water in the market garden site of Kossodo watered with sewage sludge from the city of Ouagadougou industries. Indeed, seven (7) wastewater samples collected over a 90 days period at the site where a Water Treatment Plant (WTP) was installed were analysed in the laboratory. The parameters were pH, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-, NH4+, NO3-, HCO3-, CO32- , BOD5, SM and COD. The analytical data was compared to WHO standards. The Results show that the concentrations of the chemical elements are very high in the wastewater, but hardly exceed the levels recommended by the standards for agro-pastoral needs. Electrical conductivity indicates that 57% of the samples analysed are not saline. Phosphorus and potassium concentrations are low. There is a strong mineralization resulting from industrial or domestic pollution. The physicochemical characterization of the raw wastewater revealed that this liquid discharge is very heavy in organic matter in term of COD (Avg.= 341.52 mg/L), in BDO5 (Avg.= 260 mg/L), in Suspend Matter (Avg.= 307.6 mg/L) and mineral matter expressed in terms of chlorides (Avg.= 75.968 mg/L), electric conductivity (Avg.= 580.24 µs/cm) and alkalinity expressed as CaCO3 (Avg.= 220.70 mg/L) with a pH of 7.5 (±0.3). The average levels of nitrates and orthophosphates respectively of the order of 33.11 mg/L and 86.74 mg/L. Over the entire sampled site, most of the wastewater analysed is suitable for agriculture.

Electricity plays an important role in people’s lives; this electricity reaches consumers via electrical networks of transport and distribution. In this article, we first developed the notions of load flow, and then we were interested in studying a load flow system, which allowed us to determine the active and reactive powers, the angle of phase shift. For our research topic, we used the analytical simulation to determine the characteristics of the power line under study. Our experimental study produced the results giving the load distribution in order to evaluate the different values of active energy and reactive, which is a contribution of a major scale in the field of study of electrical network.

This work highlights the transport situation in South Ubangi Province and the impact on the development of this. It is noted that the main modes of transport found in South Ubangi are roads, inland waterways, and airways. The first category is more popular, the second category is seasonal, depending on the water level, and the last category is still a luxury. In all cases, infrastructure, equipment and transport operations leave something to be desired. This has a negative impact on the growth of the company (business) in this province and indirectly, its socio-economic development pays the costs. Therefore, this research aims at assessing the realities of transport in order to help find solutions to the current business companies’ problems operating in this province. The research design used is descriptive based on secondary data. The outcomes of the analysis help policy makers to work on beneficial policies for the province.

The central Jebilets located to the southwest of the Moroccan meseta represent a massive VMS province whose Draa sfar deposit is one of them. The latter predominantly pyrrhotite, contains minerals of the base metals, enclosed in the Saghlef series attributed to the higher visean. The area of Draa sfar is materialized on the surface by the development of gossan with oxides and hydroxides of iron (hematite, goethite, limonite, malachite ...), and shows an orientation NS in the direction of the ore body. The analyzed elements such as Ag, As, Bi, Sn and Te in addition to the desired base metals, made it possible to identify the gossan directly linked to the Draa sfar deposit, and to clearly identify its location. They can be used as a guide to prospecting for gossan and these results can be applied to all gossan around the Draa Sfar area in the central Jebilets and its extrapolation to all Hercynian terrains.

This article aims to define the notation system and identify these elements, these different types and functions, also the contributions of the docimology to explain the factors or the three error sources that defect the notation namely; the evaluation itself, the teacher and the student. Thus, scoring is one of the educational tools used by teachers to make sense of the judgments they make about a student and to monitor how well the students have achieved the goals set for teaching-learning. Grades from 0 to 20, grades or categories ordered A, B, C, D, E, and ratings, are the three most used types of notation in the school system, they are considered a way to communicate between school institutions and parents of students.

The central Jebilets are occupied by the Saghlef series attributed to the upper Visean, are materialized by a predominance of the gossans, some of which directly cover massive sulphide predominantly pyrrhotite. These gossan with oxides and hydroxides of iron can be distinguished from East to West in three main plurikilometric axes sub-parallel to the meridian direction. The present study is concerned with the interpretation of geochemical data covering all Central Jebilets gossans. The analyzed elements such as Ag, As, Bi, Sn, Mo and Te, in addition to the base metals researched, made it possible to classify these gossans into three classes: 1) very promising class contains the Draa sfar and Koudiat Aïcha deposits, 2) moderately promising class includes the Kettra deposit and Ben Slimane and Lachach indices, 3) and the least promising class contains the rest of the sites. These chemical elements can be used as a basic prospecting guide for gossan in Central Jebilets province and extrapolate these results to all Hercynian lands.

This work is based on the analysis of vibrations generated during the classical shooting. The main objective is to improve the surveillance of the cutting device usury during its three phases of life. This analysis aims to demonstrate if there is a relation between the evolution of the usury and the measured length(vibrations)during the machining. To succeed , we have made many great campaigns by using tools in platelet and the monobloc in metallic carbureted engine. Thus, generated vibrations during the machining operations have been registered, following two axes on the machine tool thanks to the mono axial accelerometer situated on the turret. The first is oriented following the vertical direction x (radial), the second following z(axial) and parallel to cut effort. These directions have been qualified of privileged directions . however signals have been treated via two methods ; temporal method based on statistic indicators (RMS, kurtosis, skewness, variance, variance, average) and frequential method. Furthermore,, we’ll measure the electrical power and we have visualized and measured the width of the usury thanks to an optic microscope. Finally, the proposed methods in this work have permitted to determine the vibrating level of the signal and pertinent indicators permitting a surveillance of the tool usury of the classical turning cut.

This study investigated cognitive restructuring in the treatment of test anxiety among learners studying in remedial centres in Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria. 120 learners studying in remedial centres programme in three centres in three Local Government Areas in Ibadan, Oyo State were the participants of this study. The study adopted pre-test-post -test quasi-experimental research design. Four null hypotheses were formulated and tested to guide the study at 0.05 level of significant. Two instruments were used in this study. They are: Test Anxiety Inventory by Spielberger (1980) which was used for screening and Bakare Test Anxiety (1969) which was used to elicit information on the dependent variable. Data obtained in this study was analyzed using the analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The results obtained from hypothesis one as revealed a significant main effect of treatment (Cognitive Restructuring Intervention Programme) on test anxiety of learners studying remedial centres. The post treatment outcome of participants based on gender indicated significant interaction effect of treatment on participants’ test anxiety. The result obtained from the third hypothesis revealed that there was a significant interaction effect of treatment on test anxiety of learners studying in remedial centres based on their type of school. Result of the fourth hypothesis showed a significant interaction effect of treatment (Cognitive Restructuring Intervention Programme) on test anxiety of learners attending remedial classes based on their study habits. The use of cognitive restructuring intervention programme was effective in the reduction of test anxiety among learners studying in remedial centres. It is recommended that workshops, conferences, symposium and seminars should be organized to train teachers on how to use cognitive restructuring intervention techniques in the classroom to reduce test anxiety among all categories of students.

Fish is a very perishable foodstuff whose preservation requires a continuous cold chain. The study aims to evaluate the effect of the break in cold chain on the bacteriological quality of Scomber scombrus (Atlantic mackerel) and Trachurus trachurus (Horse mackerel). Thus, data were collected from June to December 2016 in South Benin. A total of 120 fish were divided in control (cold chain integrity) and experimental (3h, 6h and 12h of break in cold chain) batches in order to determine the microorganism loads by cold chain break duration. Total Mesophilic Aerobic Flora (TMAF) and Clostridium perfringens loads were significantly higher in chilled fish samples than in frozen fish (p<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between the control and the experimental batches whatever the preservation method and the cold chain break duration (p>0.05) for the TMAF. No Clostridium perfringens was counted for the freezing. Similarly, Staphylococcus aureus were not counted, except in the refrigerated batch for 3 hours of cold chain break. The TMAF and Clostridium perfringens loads increased according to cold chain break duration. For the FMAT, the highest load was observed at 12 hours of break in cold chain. In the majority of cases, Enterobacterium load was higher in the experimental batches compared to control batches. No samples revealed the presence of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Salmonella and Escherichia coli. The rigorous cold chain keeping throughout the preservation until consumption significantly prevents the proliferation of fish contamination flora.

This study aims to analyze the effects of promoting women's entrepreneurship on the migration of enterprises created by women from the informal sector to the formal sector. In order to achieve women's empowerment, Côte d'Ivoire has placed the promotion of women's entrepreneurship at the heart of its development strategies. On the one hand, the literature review found that the promotion of women's entrepreneurship is hampered by the absence of an integrated communication strategy that serves as a compass for the government's promotional activities in synergy with those of other stakeholders. On the other hand, the promotion of women's entrepreneurship stumbles on structural, socio-cultural and behavioral barriers. At first, the structural barriers are materialized by the low access of women to the financial resources needed to start and consolidate the activities they undertake because of the high rate of poverty in Côte d'Ivoire. . In a second, the socio-cultural analysis reveals that the structure of social gender roles encloses women in their function of social reproduction. The wife, wife and mother ensure the functioning of domestic life. Finally, in terms of behavior, women tend to self-exclude from entrepreneurship because they feel they do not have the skills to create and run a business. This negative self-image helps build and reinforce negative perception of one's abilities to drive a formal entrepreneurial project.

The present study has as objective to contribute to better knowledge of these curative plants with a view to establishing a data bank. Data were collected based on questionnaire structured and semi structured to 235 individuals constituting the unpredictable sampling and belonging to three categories socio professional. In total, one drew up an inventory of 160 kinds of curative plants flat 65 families and 139 types. The family of Leguminosae is the most representing with 11 kinds of plants. Four curative plant kinds have a Relating Frequency of Quotation very significant (RFC), it is between other one of kinds Gardenia ternifolia (RFC = 0,98) and Pteleopsis suberosa (RFC = 0, 91). Besides, 42 other kinds have a degree of consensus on the very significant treatment (IAR) such as Senna occidentalis, Acanthospermum hispidum, Lannea barteri. Variables such as: age, sex, and religion constituted a factor determining in the knowledge of kinds for the treatment of diseases in the middle of study (P < 0,05). The majority of the investigating devote themselves more to the use of curative plants as practices adopted in case of diseases. It is therefore important that the conditions of working and of conservation of aforementioned plants are improved for the improved well-being of our populations which remain tied to traditional morals.

The objective of this study is to assess the abiotic parameters quality and seasonal variation of the hydrosystem Lake Togo-lagoon of Aného waters. For this purpose, 30 water samples were collected per season (dry and rainy season) from 30 sites. The physicochemical parameters were determined using French Association of Standardization (AFNOR) methods described by Rodier et al. The average pH in dry and rainy season are around neutrality (7.01 and 6.97). The concentration of dissolved salts is high. Indeed, the average values of conductivity, salinity, TDS, sulphates, chloride and bicarbonates reach respectively 27.42 mS/cm, 14.84, 235.75 g/l, 681.43, 8208.98 and 233.86 mg/l in the dry season. For turbidity, TSS and dissolved oxygen, they are respectively 37.36 NTU, 77.73 and 8.01 mg/l in the rainy season. The average nutrient salt contents are higher in the dry season for orthophosphate (1 mg/l) and total phosphorus (0.33 mg/l) and in the rainy season for ammonium (0.30 mg/l) and nitrate (2.26 mg/l). The average contents of Ca, K, Mg and Na are higher in the dry season and are respectively 175.97, 297.42; 766.86 and 2368.06 mg/l. The t-test reveals a very significant difference between seasonal mean values with the exception of pH. Principal Component Analysis has shown that the main origin of major ions is oceanic, whereas nitrogen compounds and TSS are essentially continental. Concerning phosphorus compounds, they are both continental and oceanic. This ecosystem is threatened by the phenomenon of eutrophication and needs special attention for its sustainable management.

The purpose of this article is to highlight the key developmental role, but not always perceived at its fair value, that radio plays at the national and more precisely at the local level. Radio is a means of communication easily accessible to most people, as well in rural area as in urban area. As such, in particular socio-political contexts, it plays a leading role despite the pervasiveness of television and the Internet that disrupt the current media world. The west of the Ivory Coast that was one of the main centers of the military-political crisis in the country between 2002 and 2011 offers, through the Toulepleu department, an appropriate framework for assessing the role of the media in the socio-economic development after this crisis. A number of radio stations available in this region allow for an analysis of the issue. The results obtained through field studies and participating observations do show the key role that radio plays in national reconciliation and awareness politics to other socio-economic development issues.

The development and the integration of numerical and communication and information technologies in the educational space of Mudaka and Miti would be into same to make progress the effectiveness of the schools which work in these two rural mediums of the South-Kivu in teaching and the assumption of responsibility of learning but also in their teaching operation, administrative and with their opening, if they were really integrated by those. The results of this research carried out on 60% of primary schools and 60% of high-schools and technical working in each of two groupings revealed then what follows compared to the integration of communication(TIC) and information technologies by these educational establishments: in grouping of Miti 37,5% of secondary and technical schools surveyed have an address e-mail, and 11,11% in the grouping from Mudaka, 21,42% of primary schools in grouping of Miti against 0,05% of primary schools of Mudaka grouping, no school in these two mediums have a Web site, none does not lay out of a radio station of teaching use nor a television set of teaching use. Neither primary education educational establishment nor secondary practices the computer-assisted learning, less still the teaching assisted by Internet. The rate of service road of the schools in electric power is about 12,5% for the secondary schools of the grouping of Miti, of 11,11% for the secondary schools of the grouping of Mudaka, of 5% for the primary schools in grouping of Mudaka against 14,2% for the educational establishments primary education of Miti. Ultimately in the schools exerting in groupings of Miti and Mudaka, the computer course is registered primarily with the programmed of course on a purely advertising basis, and the integration of the TIC in the teaching and administrative activities of the schools remains and remains still problematical the present time.

This paper seeks to assess the determinants of Morocco's tax potential over the period 1985-2016. The results of Engle Granger's cointegration estimation show that the latter exceeds the effective tax levy level. That is to say, that the tax potential is largely exploited, insofar as the contribution capacity of the Moroccan economy remains insufficient to mobilize more domestic resources. In addition, the estimate was able to show a positive tax effort, which leads to the conclusion that the state budget finds it difficulties to mobilize additional tax resources.

The main objective of this research work is to improve the filtration technologies to make them more sustainable and accessible for the public. This study focused on developing improved modified operating methods for rapid sand filtration technology. In this an attempt is made one modified rapid sand filter and compare with conventional rapid sand filter. The main objective to increase the efficiency of conventional rapid sand filters by some modification. For construction of modified filter PVC granules are used as capping material as well as ferric chloride also used. Both the material helps to achieve the lower turbidity and total dissolved solid concentration. In this purpose A Fabricated model was prepared having dimension 17x17x12 m. Gravel, Coconut shell (Activated carbon), Sand was filled in the model in the layer of size 45cm, 40cm, 30cm respectively. The tests which are conducted on sample are pH, Turbidity, BOD, Total solids. It improves the performance of filter in terms of high filtration rate, high turbidity removal and high decrease in percentage of total solids and thus making it more applicable. The results indicate that with the developed rapid-sand filters store rate of 137 gallons per day (g/d), the modified filters would require less cleaning than the other traditional filter. This report proposes the implementation of highly iron mitigation measures to prevent long term health effects. It also contains leaflets for widespread information on the construction, use and maintenance of the SAU authority, decision makers, water specialists and scientists confronted with iron mitigation needs.

In order to appreciate the cocoa post-harvest techniques in Côte d’Ivoire, a study was undertaken in the main production areas . It consisted in carrying out a survey near the producers in order to characterize fermentation techniques that are a crucial step of cocoa technology. The duration of the fermentation, the material used and the frequency of mixing cocoa beans during this operation were the parameters taken into account. The results reveal the use of the sheets of banana trees at an average frequency higher (67,33 %). The frequency of black covers use is 32,67 %. These practices are relatively the same in all the production areas. Box for fermentation is never used. The duration of fermentation varies between 2 days and 8 days. However, the operations which last less than 6 days are more frequent in the Mid-west (72%) and South-west (64%) than in the East (46%). Mixing cocoa beans during the fermentation is a rare treatment in all the production areas. In the East where it is some time realized, its frequency is in general of one time. All in all, fermentation is controlled better in the Est of Côte d’Ivoire than in the others, especially concerning its duration and the frequency of mixing cocoa beans.

The aim of this work is to study the physical and chemical characterization of wastewater at the level of the student residences of the university’s campus of Abomey-Calavi in order to propose in the medium term an adequate system of treatment of these wastewaters. The study evaluate quantity of water used by students per day and the pollutant loads in them and the methods of storage and disposal of wastewaters of students residences. Showers, laundries and kitchens are the main systems that generate wastewater. The receptacles of these waters are the sumps which also receive wastewaters from the septic tanks of the toilets. These wastewaters are then rejected in the Nokoue lake. The approximate number of students wastewaters generator in residences is 3904. The amount of wastewaters produced daily and collectively by the residents of the university campus is approximately 292800L. From analyzes conducted on these waters, it appears that they have the characteristics of domestic wastewaters and the ratio COD / BOD5 shows that these wastewaters are little biodegradable. Moreover, they don’t comply with beninese standards for the discharge of domestic wastewaters. This huge amount of wastewaters is not without consequences on the health of campus users and the environment. The campus of university of Abomey-Calavi does not also have a wastewaters treatment system. Appropriate measures should be taken to improve the management of these wastewaters.

Bambara groundnut [Vigna Subterranea (L.) Verdc.], plays an important role in increasing the bioavailability of phosphorus even in ferrolsoils through its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and gives an average yields ranging from 350 to 800 kg / ha in areas where soil is poor and rainfall is low. This ability to bind atmospheric nitrogen by legumes such as Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.)) is due to the presence of root nodules harboring colonies of Rhizobium, symbiotic bacteria. Indeed, it has been showed some diversity in the isolated nodules from the same legume and proved that, apart from the genetic difference, some strains are more efficient, more competitive than others. The objective of this study is to evaluate the diversity of the nodulating rhizobia of Bambara groundnut morphotypes of Niger. For that, the PCR / RFLP technique was used to identify the polymorphism between rhizobium strains isolated from the root nodules of three (3) morphotypes (Ne-01, Ne-09 and Ne-10) cultivated at two sites (Tara and Kollo) of two different agro-ecological areas. The analysis revealed a high diversity within populations of rhizobia nodulating of Vigna Subterranea L. A total of twenty five (25) types of IGS profiles were identified from the 68 samples analyzed with 4 dominant types (II, XI, XIV and XVI). In general, the same types of IGS for the same morphotype at both sites were observed. It also appeared that the growing area has an impact on rhizobia diversity. Thus, it has been shown that the genetic diversity of rhizobia populations is much higher in Tara (20/25 types identified) compared to Kollo (12/25 types). The distribution of rhizobia populations capable of nodulating the Vigna Subterranea L. was depended not only at the morphotype but also at the growing area.

The population of hammer-headed bats, Hypsignathus monstrosus H. Allen, 1861, in the District of Plateau in Abidjan has been studied from August 2003 to July 2004. Vocalization recognition and roost counts of bats males have been used in order to identify mating calls sites and to determine the variations of population size. Results show that the hammer-headed bats have demonstrated a high preference for reproduction site dominate by Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae). The population size varied with the site, the tree species and season.

In this research, the evaluation of the influence of earth worm on the soil fauna diversity was studied during each season in making comparison of the density, the abundance and the biomass between Annelida and other inventoried taxa of invertebrates. The results brought out a great density of earth worm in rainy season than the dry one seeing that Oligochaetes are bound at the humidity. The other taxa inventoried were a part of 8 different orders listed according to the importance as follows: Hymenoptera, Araneida, Isoptera, Diplopoda, Coleoptera, Blattoptera, Chilopoda and Thysanoptera. From the 8 orders, the 7 first inventoried during the rainy season were found again during the dry season but with a great density for almost each taxon in spite of the sensitive reduction of the abundance of earth worms. The Chilopoda’s order was observed only during the rainy season, the one of Thysanoptera only during the dry season. In conclusion, the density, the abundance and the biomass of the earth worms of the Miombo forest don’t have influence on the one of other litter fauna invertebrates.