In Mexico, the production of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is affected by various diseases including leaf rust (LR) caused by Puccinia hordei Otth. In the spring-summer/2018 cycle, under rainfed conditions and natural incidence of HR, a factorial test was established under a randomized complete block design, in the municipalities of Texcoco and Temascalapa, State of Mexico and Tlaxco, Tlaxcala, to evaluate the effect of two fungicides (Azoxistrobin 11.1% + Tebuconazole 18.4% and Tebuconazole 25%) on the LR control in six varieties of barley. The variables measured were day to heading and maturity (DE, DM), Plant height (PH), Test weight (TW), grain yield (Yield) and final severity of the disease (FDS). Highly significant differences were found for TW, Yield and FDS for varieties, fungicides and localities (Tukey, p≤ 0.05). The most effective fungicide was Azoxistrobin 11.1% + Tebuconazole 18.4% taking FDS of 2% and yield (REND) of 2,757.2 kg ha-1 compared to the non-fungicide check which had 23% FDS and yield of 2,262.7 kg ha-1. The variety with the greatest resistance was ABI Voyager (10MS) and the most susceptible, Doña Josefa (40S). Disease control influenced performance, there were losses of 31% in Apizaco; 20% in Esmeralda; 19% for Doña Josefa and ABI Voyager; Maravilla with 16% and AC Metcalfe 9%. Resistance levels observed together with the use of fungicides will allow a comprehensive control of the disease.

The main objective of this paper is to review microenterprises and their impact on the Ecuadorian economy, as well as the application of the new Microenterprise Regime and its impact on natural persons for the period 2019-2020. Serving as support and guidance on how they should benefit from the new Tax regime for micro-enterprises that has emerged as a result of the new Tax Simplification and Progress Law. Through theoretical contributions from experts, the authors and the review of current regulations affirm that the new system fulfills its purpose, since its correct application will bring benefits to taxpayers, in addition to reducing the income tax rate, reducing year by year the number of declarations and finally, with the entry into force of this new regulation, taxpayers will no longer be considered withholding agents in the commercial operations they carry out. Finally, for this analysis a qualitative and quantitative methodology was used, obtaining as a unit of analysis 242 microenterprises located in the cantonal capital of Daule, to which information was collected through a field survey.

This study is to examine the gap analysis between consumers’ perception (P) and expectation (E) toward the street foods in Surabaya and Bangkok cities. The convenience sampling is used to collect the data totaled as 849 respondents from both cities. The P-E Cartesius gap analysis indicates the quadrants of each questionnaire item. The Paired t-test is used to examine each city’s consumers’ P-E differences. The independent sample t-test examined the P-E differences towards the street foods quality among the cities. The result shows P-E gap towards street foods is higher among the consumers in Surabaya than in Bangkok. The perception towards street foods among consumers in Surabaya is different than in Bangkok, but the expectation of both consumers group is the same. It is suggested street food vendors in Surabaya to increase their product and service qualities as well as prices to meet the expectations.

India is convening the G20 Leaders’ Summit for the first time in 2023. India’s role as G20 President will be crucial for global stability. This paper discusses how the G20 Presidency can shape India’s identity as a global leader and rising power.

Breast angiosarcomas are rare tumors, their diagnosis is difficult and the prognosis is worst. We report the case of radiation-induced breast angiosarcoma. The diagnosis is histological and was only made on the surgical specimen. The treatment was essentially surgical. Through this case as well as a review of the literature, we have made an update on this disease.

The paper investigates cooperative learning method and Students’ Academic achievement in Technical College Metalwork Technology in Lagos state. The study covered four out of five Technical Colleges in Lagos state. To guide the study one research question and one hypothesis are formulated and tested at 0.05 significant level. To guide the study one research question and one hypothesis are formulated and tested at 0.05 significant level and Quasi experimental designed was used for the study. Eight (80) students were randomly sampled from the four technical colleges and assigned to experimental and control groups. A thirty-five Metalwork achievement test (MWAT) adapted from National Board for Business and Technical Education past questions papers was used to assess the students. Validation of the instrument was established by four experts in metalwork technology and reliability of the instrument using person product moment correlation yields 0.89. Data collected were analysed using mean and T-test statistics. The findings revealed that cooperative learning method has significant effect on students’ academic achievement in Metal Work Technology in Technical Colleges. Based on the findings, it was recommended that cooperative learning method should be adopted in teaching metal work technology in technical colleges.

Objectives: To evaluate occupational risks at the Abass Ndao Hospital Center. Methodology: This was an observational, descriptive study conducted in internal medicine in July 2021. Data collection was based on direct interviews and observation of work situations using a pre-established questionnaire containing all the parameters of PRRA in a hospital environment. Results: Out of 118 agents, the sex ratio (M/F) was 0.66 and the average age was 36.49 years. Our agents were medical (35.6%) and support staff (64.4%). Biological products were handled in 35.6% and 38.1% used sharp equipment and recapping was practiced in 31.6%. AES were reported in 9.3% and Covid-19 infection in 8.4%. About 87.2% reported awkward postures. Musculoskeletal disorders were reported in 68.6%, handling of heavy loads in 77.1% and electrical risk in 90.7%. The agents were exposed to irritating (100%), corrosive (60%), toxic (33%) and flammable (100%) products, mainly by the cutaneous, respiratory and ocular routes. Approximately 33.8% of the workers suffered from varying degrees of professional stress and 67.8% declared that they were victims of violence, especially verbal violence. Only 5% said that their remuneration met their expectations. Conclusion: Work-related nuisances are frequent, varied and of varying severity in health facilities. It is urgent to implement corrective and preventive actions to ensure the health and safety of workers and patients.

The Bamboung Community Marine Protected Area is located in the Saloum Delta Biosphere Reserve located in the estuarian part of the Sine-Saloum watershed, administrative region of Fatick. It was set up in 2004 with the aim of preserving marine biodiversity, rebuilding habitats and improving the living conditions of local communities. It was followed by the creation of six other Marine Protected Areas, including 2 in the Saloum Delta Biosphere Reserve. Based on our observations and the results of previous work, we have carried out an evaluation of the criteria retained by the authors for the creation of a geosite in this Marine Protected Area of Bamboung. Thus, the scientific value (representativeness, integrity, rarity and degree of scientific knowledge), ecological, cultural, touristic, socio-economic, scientific and educational values evaluated seem relevant to us. It benefits from a national and regional policy supported by international conventions. However, we recommend to modernize and improve tourist infrastructure, promote effective resource management mechanisms in the polarized area, prohibit or regulate the exploitation of shell middens and further explore the educational side by setting up a secure educational circuit.

This article presents the different problems that Togo faces in its maritime space. The research methodology is based on field survey, observation, literature research and interviews. The talks concerned fishermen, market gardeners of the coastal cordon, resource persons from the Ministry of the Environment and the Ministry in charge of the maritime economy, some associations, the authorities of the autonomous port of Lomé, and the Togolese navy. A total of 25 people are being investigated. The data collected was manually analyzed and processed. Excel, Word and ArcGis 10.4 software and allowed text formatting. The results show that Togo’s maritime space is confronted with environmental problems (erosion and pollution), mapping of available natural resources, legal delimitation of the effective boundaries of space, governance of space, problems related to the different actors and conflicts of use and security challenges of space.

Despite the real progress in the field of nutrition in Benin, malnutrition remains a major public health problem in the commune of Karimama. It affects hundreds of children in all its forms. Indeed, the municipality of Karimama has the highest rate of malnutrition in the department of Alibori with 11.9% acute malnutrition and 39% chronic malnutrition among children under five years old according to the nutritional survey. This study aims to determine water, hygiene and sanitation (WASH) behaviors and their influence on undernutrition in children under five. From a descriptive and cross analysis, the absence of a healthy environment, including water, hygiene and sanitation favors infections which create a vicious circle between the living environment and malnutrition. Thus, the factors associated with infections are significantly (p<0.01) related to the source of water supply, household waste management, hand washing and open defecation. Encouraging better integration of WASH actions into strategies to combat undernutrition would considerably reduce the persistence of malnutrition in the commune of Karimama.

A study aimed at understanding the different methods of storage and conservation of cereal seeds was carried out in the locality of Gazawa, region of Far-North/Cameroon. The objective was to determine the local conservation knowledge of farmers in order to preserve the diversity of production plant material and promote sustainable integrated management of plant genetic resources. Based on a methodological survey, question and answers based on target sample of fifty individual persons. It follows that in total 6 varieties of maize (CMS-9015, CMS-8806, CMS-8501, CMS-8704, TZEE-W and EVDT) and 6 varieties of sorghum (CS-54, CS -61, CS-95, Damougari, S-35 and Zouaye) are popularized, maintained. The EVDT varieties of corn and CS-95, CS-61, Damougari of sorghum are kept ex-situ in cold rooms or conservation structures. Optimal dehydration method, warehouse maintenance applied and in conservation structures help to maintain seeds quality and varietal diversity. The only variety of rice recorded was Nerica 3 and 25 collections of pennicilary millet from the Far-North and North of Cameroon, ICRISAT and INERA are being popularized. The local varieties Sectaire (22.85 %), Dadoudou (11.42 %), Farigawa, Salié, Viri by 8.57 %, local white maize (5.71 %) and Panar (2.85 %) are the most appreciated and cultivated by farmers for their organoleptic properties, their nutritional values and their productivity. The local seeds of the farmers are kept with the corn cobs enclosed in the husks, the panicles covered with the powder of the glumes hanging in sheds.

The Diffa region is located in the far east of Niger and occupies 12.4% of the country’s total land area where agriculture, livestock, and fishing remain the main activities of the people living there. As of February 2015, the region hosted more than 24,000 uprooted people, including Nigerien refugees, internally displaced persons in Niger, and Nigerien returnees who were previously living in Nigeria (UNHCR, 2021). The settlement of refugees not only has impacts on the environment but also on economic and social activities. This paper aims to analyze the environmental and socio-economic impacts of refugee activities in and around the camps (Diffa urban commune, Boudouri, Maina Kaderi, and Sayam forage). In order to analyze the impacts (identification, mapping, and observation of impacts in the field), three (3) approaches are used in this work. Surveys, field observations, and GIS and remote sensing analysis. The results show that refugee activities can have impacts on the environment but over the long term (10 to 15 years). Some effects related to soil degradation, destruction of vegetation, and pollution of water resources (quantity and quality) are observed in and around the sites in only 3 years of presence (GIS, remote sensing and field observation). At all sites, a decrease in fallow land, an increase in bare soil, and an increase in human settlements have been observed, signs that can have consequences on the environment. The accumulation of household waste that prevents the proper infiltration of rainwater into the soil and whose runoff carries away essential elements. As for mitigation measures, a strict application of laws and regulations on environmental protection is required.

In the search for new, cheaper and environmentally sustainable sources of protein-rich food, much research has shown the alternative role that insects could play in animal feed. Fly larvae or maggots have been identified as a food source that is very rich in protein, dietary fat, vitamins and minerals. The most commonly used maggots in animal feed are those of the housefly (Musca domestica L. 1758) and the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L. 1758). Different maggot production systems for these two fly species have been developed and others are still being developed in different contexts around the world. The production of these maggots does not require much expenditure as they can be easily obtained from animal and/or plant waste available free of charge or at low cost. This study summarizes the available literature on the methods of production of maggots of these two fly species and their use in animal feed. Also, the zootechnical performance of animals fed with maggots and the importance of maggots were discussed in this study.

Information on genetic diversity is essential in fish conservation programs, the constitution of gene banks and the selection of the most efficient strains. The objective of this contribution is to identify the genetic diversity of wild populations of Clarias anguillaris from river basins in Mali. Eight microsatellite markers (Cba11, Cba19, Cba20, Cga02, Cga06, Cga10, Cm12, Cma17) were used on fins taken from 131 fish. After DNA extraction and PCR amplification, the alleles obtained are separated on a 3% metaphor gel, visualized using the E-Box device. The data was analyzed using Power Marker V3.25 software. The results identified 54 alleles with an average polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.60. The number of alleles per locus varied between 2 (Cba11) and 10 (Cba19). The rate of heterozygosity was between 0.16±0.07 and 0.14±0.05. The average heterozygosity observed was lower than that of the expected heterozygosity, i.e. 0.16±0.037 versus 0.34±0.04. Three genotypes have been recorded. Group 1 consists of samples from Mopti (Niger Basin) and Lake Magui (Senegal Basin), group 2 those from Sankarani (Niger Basin), Lake Magui and the Bafing and Bakoye rivers (Senegal Basin) and group 3 by those of the Bafing, Bakoye and Sankarani rivers. These results indicate a genetic diversity of the species in the river basins of Mali. The information will serve as guidance in conservation programs for Clarias anguillaris in Mali.

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the perception of producers on agro-ecological practices in cotton growing areas in Benin. To do this, data was collected from 300 producers in three municipalities (Banikoara, Sinendé and Djidja) using a semi-structured questionnaire digitized on Kobocollecte. The calculation of the response rates and the ascending hierarchical classification carried out using the statistical software Ri386.4.0.4, made it possible to arrive at three classes of agro-ecological practices according to the perception of the producers. These classes of practices are: lightly restrictive, moderately restrictive and very restrictive. The major constraints are organizational, material, climatic and institutional. The study recommends strengthening the supervision of producers and taking into account the socio-economic characteristics of producers in the promotion of agro-ecological practices in cotton-growing areas.

Place marketing is a discipline that has been growing for about thirty years. Places, at different scales, are now engaged in marketing initiatives, ranging from simple communication campaigns, to more elaborate strategies, and often launching, as for any product, place brands for cities and regions. Place marketing is thus a tool used to make places more attractive, more competitive and unique, but also, increasingly, as a tool of place management. It also serves to boost economic place development, the success of which depends on many factors, namely the proximity, both geographic and organizational, between the various stakeholders. In this communication, we will, through a case study of the Moroccan Oriental region, tap into stakeholders and proximity theories, in order to identify the important stakeholders in the region to be mobilized in marketing strategies as well as the proximity types existing between these various players. We will conclude by proposing some recommendations for the success of place marketing.