At present where there are large volumes of information, recommendation systems are needed to help users find and evaluate articles of preference or interest. A number of investigations in this domain suggest that “best” recommendations, according to objective metrics, are sometimes not the ones that are most satisfying or useful to users. However, if the system assumes that user preferences are not in line with the recommendation made, mechanisms should be provided to put the user in control of the recommendations. The article investigates how to give control to the users in the systems of recommendation and the quality of these from a perspective centered on the user. We discuss a study that involved 4 scientific investigations related to the subject and consider parameters such as the type of recommendation system, the method used, the application area and the results obtained in those investigations. Which focuses on the accuracy and novelty of the recommended articles, and on the general satisfaction of the users. We have classified the recommendations considered with respect to these attributes and compared these results with measures of statistical quality of the algorithms considered. It is intended to generate new recommendations based on new preferences that could lead to greater user satisfaction and confidence in the system.

The ecosystems of Kimpolo I and its surroundings are located 23 km east of Kinshasa on the western edge of the Bateke Tray. To better understand its floristic richness and its chorological position, an analysis of the florule, autoecological and phytogeographical spectra of the species was undertaken. This study was conducted using floristic material from botanical surveys. On an area of 8.65 km2 surveyed, 219 species were inventoried. They belong to 71 families and 168 genera. The most diverse families in number of species are Fabaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cyperaceae, Apocynaceae and Asteraceae. Ecological spectra show the high representativeness of phanerophyts, geophytes, chamephyts, therophyts and hemicryptophyts. At the phytogeographic level, there is a predominance of regional guineo-Congolese species , followed by those with a very wide distribution and African with a large distribution. From the chorological point of view, this flora is north of the Bas-Congo sector and south of the guineo-Congolese regional center of endemism. In view of the many human activities practiced (shifting cultivation, harvesting and harvesting, irrational exploitation of ecosystems, introduction of exotic species, breeding, hunting, fishing, fish farming, charring of wood, bush fires) in the site whose extent on flora and vegetation is strong, special attention must be given to these threatened ecosystems, for their ecological development and their preservation as a regulator of local climate.

Insecticide treatments for crops protection in cotton fields have often been cited as the main factor in the selection of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae populations. To explore this hypothesis further, the present study was designed to identify potential practices that may contribute to the emergence of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae in cotton crop protection strategies such as the “Calendar Control Program (CCP)” and “Targeted Intermittent Control Program (TICP)” officially recommended already operate in Benin. Firstly, Knowledge Attitude-Practice (KAP) surveys were organized in the study sites to generate adequate information on the use of insecticide on cotton fields. In each site, leaders of farmer’s organizations were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires that focused on the treatment strategies, and the use of insecticides in the farms. Further, bioassays were performed on adult mosquitoes collected from various of each program to assess the susceptibility of malaria vectors to insecticide-impregnated papers (permethrin 0.75%, delthamethrin 0.05%, DDT 4%, and bendiocarb 0.1%) following WHOPES guidelines. Results of this study showed that various pesticides particularly pyrethroids were used for pests control in CCP and TICP sites; ii)-Susceptibility tests showed that An. gambiae populations have developped resistance to DDT (4% as mean mortality despite the strategies), permethrin (30% in CCP and TICP), deltamethrin (38% and 46% as mean mortality in CCP and TICP respectivetly), but fully susceptible to bendiocarb . These findings confirmed the role of insecticide treatments in mosquitoes resistance. Measure must be taken for better management of the use of insectides for pest control.

Striga is a formidable hemi-parasitic herb that lives at the expense of both wild and cultivated poaceae. Striga parasitism on maize cultivation is one of the main agronomic constraints and can cause losses ranging from 20 to 100% of grain yield. To remove this constraint, five materials from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and 1 control were installed according to a completely randomized experimental block device. These varieties were tested in the province of Kasai Oriental at INERA Ngandajika and in peasant environment (at Kalenda and Kashila) with the aim of selecting striga resistant or tolerant varieties. This work identified the TZE-Y-DTC4 STR C5, TZE-Y-DTC4 STR C4 and KATOKI WA LUKASA maize varieties as either tolerant or striga-resistant. Despite the emergence of Striga, the grain yield at the station was 3.3 T / Ha for TZE-Y-DTC4 STR C5 and KATOKI WA LUKASA, but for TZE-Y-DTC4 STR C4 the yield was 2 T / Ha . In the peasant environment, the yield was 1.6; 1.3 and 1.0T / Ha for the varieties TZE-Y-DTC4 STR C4, TZE-Y-DTC4 STR C5 and KATOKI WA LUKASA. The integration of these two varieties in integrated striga control could lead to good maize production in infested sites.

The study has been initiated with the aims to evaluate effects of manure application on the yield of Irish potato. The experiment was conducted at (INERA) Mulungu using in a Complete Random Block with three replicates. Five treatments have been evaluated such as: application of DAP during planting, application of N+KCK three time as follow: once per week, once per two weeks and onceper three weeks together with a natural check without fertilizer. The results showed that DAP and N+KCL applied once per week have improved the yield up to 128.5% in comparison to the check, however N+KCL applied once per two and three weeks have increased the yield from 51.7 to 62.9% compared to the natural check. The results show that farmer having Irish as one of his activities can be interested to increase the productivity.

The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rock phosphate (RP) was studied on Acacia gummifera, an endemic and Moroccan spontaneous species that is experiencing a regression. They are also a source of firewood, charcoal and precious air fodder in the dry season. The response of Acacia gummifera to a mixture of two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus intrardices and Glomus mossae) and two levels of rock phosphate (9 and 37 % of P equivalent of 0,25 and 0,5g P/kg of soil) was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. The arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization varied from 10 % to 25 % when rock phosphate applications increased. Acacia seedlings grew poorly without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and without rock phosphate applications. However, AMF plants with RP applications achieved better results in terms of P and N concentration in shoot and root. In contrast, there were not additive effects of inoculation and phosphate application on total biomass. However, inoculation of acacias took up more P and N at 0.25 g P kg-1 of soil and above. These results suggest that AMF are able to absorb P from soil and rock phosphate for a better mineral nutrition of Acacia gummifera.

The majority of breast cancer is sporadic while 5-10% are due to hereditary predisposition. The identification of BRCA1, BRCA2 and p53 that confer a high risk of developing breast cancer, permit a better understanding of the familial forms of this cancer. These genes are responsible for families with multiple cases of breast cancer occurring at a young age. It was decided in this study to clarify the meaning of breast cancer in young women and understand the seriousness of this disease in women who represent a family history of this cancer. The aim is to make a genetic epidemiological characterization of a population belongs to the province of Tlemcen in west of Algeria As we're studying the factors that contribute to increased risk and spread of this hereditary disease.

Logging in the Democratic Republic of Congo remains of selective type characterized at each step by prevailing losses of timber wood. In order to enable the Société de Développement Forestier (SODEFOR) setting up a system of maximum recovery of timber, the major logged tree species, the harvest index (coefficient) of felled trees and the loss of merchant logs were assessed in the forest blocks 91 and 95 of the Nteno concession at Oshwe. SODEFOR has so far mainly exploited 21 tree species of which 7 making up 33% are subjected to intensive logging. These are Millettia laurentii, Guibourtia demeusei, Pterocarpus soyauxii, Staudtia kamerunensis, Prioria oxyphylla, Canarium schweinfurthii and Copaifera mildbraedii. The harvest index of these tree species varied from 6% for Canarium schweinfurthii to 113% for Guibourtia demeusei. This recovery rate was influenced by both the market requirements as well as the density and exploitability size (dimension) of each tree species. Over total wood volume of a felled tree, including that of branches of at least 35 cm diameter, nearly 75% were merchantable while 25% were wasted in forest. For Millettia laurentii, the rate of recovery was the lowest at 64% against 82% recorded in Prioria balsamifera.

The Robotics has become a sign of progress and countries or companies that make use of it through robots manage to improve their productivity and efficiency; taking the view that in the future there will be a high consumption of these technological elements in society this document assesses whether the implementation of a robotics lab will create a learning environment based on student activity. An investigation instrument like the survey was used to ninth course of introduction to robotics in order to find the causes that hinder learning by the theoretical excess of knowledge and lack of practice. Definitions of robotics, educational robotics, methodologies and applied studies are briefly outlined. Finally the results of the analysis of the instrument by which students are motivated with the use of robots for collaborative learning complementing teacher teaching are presented.

The majority of the analyzed calculi from patients are composed of calcium oxalate (CaOx) monohydrate whewellite (Wh) and CaOx dihydrate wedellite (Wd). The urinary calculi were identified by chemical and morphological analysis based on106 urine samples from human voluntary. The Crystalluria made by an optical polarized light microscopy. The oxaluria and urinary calcium were determined by conventional volumetric assays. The aim of this paper was to develop a simple system to predict and classify the type of crystalluria using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) algorithm.

This study has for objective the analysis of the recruiting profile of the teachers in the schools of Special teaching of Goma /Nord Kivu in Democratic Republic of Congo and their appreciation for their advancement of rank. The basic hypothesis is that considering the complexity of the mission of the specialized teacher, the teachers would be recruited according to some criteria’s and that they would be valued at the end of every year. For this study, the analytic, descriptive statistical and the documentary method, and the technique, the interview and questionnaires addressed 23 to teachers descended of 5 special schools. The researcher has arrived to the following results; The qualification in education is the requirement the more considered at the time of recruitment according to 43%. of our investigated. Being about the advancement of the ranks in these schools, 56.52% affirm that the quotation takes into account the professional value, 30% affirm to have never been evaluated for the advancement of rank. 9% declare that the quotation and the advancement of rank take into account of the creativity and initiative and the sense of responsibility, 4% affirm that it takes into accounts the school output. This study considers the popularization of the criteria’s recruitment, but also a regular appreciation of the teachers specialized in order to conform to the legal texts on the recruitment. This study recommends the building capacities of the future teachers in a specialized training center, and the popularization of legal texts on the recruitment and the appreciation, this in the perspective of the school success and the social integration for all pupils.

A case-control survey was conducted to estimate the risk of perinatal mortality in four maternity hospitals in the Lomami provincial division in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The perinatal mortality rate was 235 per 1,000 births, with a stillbirth rate of 216 per 1,000 births and early neonatal mortality of 24.4 per 1,000 births. An assessment of risk factors was conducted on 417 perinatal deaths and 1356 survivors. Worst socio-demographic variables such as maternal age greater than or equal to 35, celibacy, polygamy, primiparity, large multiparity, lack of employment or maternal employment in the private sector were significantly associated at the risk of perinatal mortality. The health variables such as access in reference mode, caesarean section, hysterectomy, laparotomy, ante and post partum haemorrhage, uterine rupture, delivery date, prolonged labor, labor absence of staff with surgical profiles, inadequate equipment and maternal death were also associated with the high risk of perinatal mortality. The results of this study indicate that a risk assessment of perinatal mortality can be performed using socio-demographic data from the mother and medicinals.

In Africa, and particularly in Benin, medicinal plants are the most widely used means of solving human and animal health problems. The Beninese flora is rich in plants used to treat gastrointestinal diseases of farm animals whose chemical and biological potentials are still unknown. It is to correct this insufficiency that the present work aims at the chemical and biological recovery of Khaya senegalensis. After phytochemical screening, the phenolic compound contents of Khaya senegalensis extracts were determined spectrophotometer. Antibacterial and antiradical activities were evaluated by microplate dilution methods and DPPH respectively. The active ingredients of K. senegalensis were characterized by GC/MS. Several metabolites have been identified. The crude extracts (ethanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts) of K. senegalensis showed a lower antiradical activity compared to ethyl ether (IC50=0.09 μg/ml) and ethyl acetate (IC50=1μg/ml) fractions, which are more active that BHA (IC50= 4.8μg/ml), quercetin (IC50=3μg/ml) which are synthetic compounds. From the antibacterial activity, it appears that the objective extracts and fractions of this plant have a bactericidal activity with respect to Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. From the results of the chromatographic analysis, it appears that the bark of K. senegalensis contains glycerol, glycerol ethanoate, pyrocatechol, octadecanamide and neoergosterone as major components. The diversity of metabolites, the anti-fungal and antibacterial activities of K. senegalensis, could justify the use of this plant in the veterinary pharmacopoeia in Benin.